Confederacy Issued Currency
Between 1861 and 1865, the Confederacy issued
currency to millions of southerners, gambling that a
Confederate victory would ensure the currency's value.
Meanwhile, the Union, hoping to devalue Confederate
currency and destabilize the Southern economy, also
printed Confederate money and circulated it in the South.
This led to one of the greatest inflationary periods in
America, particularly in the South. By the War's end,
Confederate notes were almost worthless and many people
bartered or used black market Union issues as a medium
of exchange.
Go here to see images of Confederate Currency.
Chase, Philip Hartley, 1886-. Confederate Treasury notes : the paper money of the Confederate
States of America, 1861-1865. Philadelphia, 1947. 148 p. : ill. ; 24 cm.
Language: English
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Criswell, Grover C.. Confederate and southern state currency : a descriptive listing,
including rarity / by Grover C. Criswell, Jr. [and] Clarence L. Criswell. Pass-A-Grille Beach,
Fla. : Criswell's, 1957. 277 p. : ill. ; 26 cm.
Series title: Criswell's currency series, v. 1
Language: English
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Criswell, Grover C. The official guide to Confederate money & Civil War tokens,
tradesmen & patriotic / by Grover Criswell & Herb Romerstien, Hal L. Cohen, design & editorial.
[1st ed.] [New York] : HC Publishers, [1971] 144 p. : ill. ; 15 cm.
Language: English
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Dwinell, Olive Cushing. The story of our money : or, Our currency and credit--its sources,
creators, control, and regulation of volume and value as set forth in quotations from great
American historic figures and state papers, writings, letters, historians, Congressional records,
Supreme court decisions and authorities / by Olive Cushing Dwinell. Boston : Meador publishing
company, [1946] 208 p. ; 21 cm.
Language: English
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Hepburn, A. Barton 1846-1922. A history of currency in the United States with new chapters
on the monetary and financial developments in the United States from 1914 to 1922 and a preface
by Mrs. Hepburn on the author's relation to the establishment of the Federal reserve system,
(Rev. ed.) New York : The Macmillan company, 1924. xxiv p., 573 p. ; 23 cm.
Language: English
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Krause, Chester L.. Standard catalog of U.S. paper money / by Chester L. Krause and Robert F.
Lemke ; pricing editor, Robert E. Wilhite ; special consultants, Frederick J. Bart ... [et al.]
5th ed. Iola, WI : Krause Publications, c1986. 186 p. : ill. ; 28 cm.
Language: English
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Morgan, James F., 1945-. Graybacks and gold : Confederate monetary policy / by James F.
Morgan. Pensacola, Fla. : Perdido Bay Press, 1985. xii, 161 p., [40] p. of plates : ill., maps ; 24 cm.
Series title: Southern history and genealogy series ; v. 2.
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Muhleman, Maurice Louis, 1852-1913. The money of the United States : Its character and legal
status from 1793 to 1893 and its volume from 1873 to 1893 ... / by Maurice L. Muhleman. New York :
The Safety valve, 1894. 72 p. : tables ; 19 cm.
Language: English
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Nussbaum, Arthur, 1877-1964. A history of the dollar. New York : Columbia University Press, 1957.
308 p. ; 21 cm.
Language: English
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Reinfeld, Fred, 1910-1964. The story of Civil War money. New York : Sterling Pub. Co., [1959]
93 p. : ill. ; 26 cm.
Language: English
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Slabaugh, Arlie R.. Confederate States paper money : a type catalog of the paper money issued
by the Confederate States during the Civil War, 1861-1865. Centennial ed. Racine, Wis. : Whitman
Pub. Co., [1961] 64 p. : ill. ; 20 cm.
Language: English
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Journal Articles
--. "Money, Money, Money: Gallery." Civil War Times Illustrated 1982 21(8): 36-39.
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Howard, Milo B. "Alabama State Currency, 1861-1865." Alabama Historical Quarterly 1963 25(1/2): 70-98.
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Jones, Walter B. "Alabama Obsolete Currency." Alabama Review 1977 30(1):213-226.
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Lerner, Eugene M. "Money, Prices, and Wages in the Confederacy." Journal of Political Economy 1955 63(1): 20-40.
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Morgan, James F. and Charles P. Wilson. "New Orleans and Confederate Louisiana's Monetary Policy: The Confederate
Microcosm." Gulf Coast Historical Review 1989 4(2): 73-84.
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Pecquet, Gary M. "The Change Shortage and the Private and Public Provision of Small Currency Denominations in the
Trans-Mississippi States 1861-1865." Southern Studies 1986 25(1): 102-110.
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Pecquet, Gary M. "Money in the Trans-Mississippi Confederacy and the Currency Reform Act of 1864." Explorations in
Economic History 1987 24(2): 218-243.
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Pecquet, Gary M. "Public Finance in Confederate Louisiana." Louisiana History 1988 29(3): 253-297.
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Pecquet, Gary M. "State Finance in Arkansas, 1860-1865." Arkansas Historical Quarterly 1989 48(1): 65-72.
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Civil War Token Society A site devoted to the history and research
of Civil War Tokens.
Confederate Coins A personal site devoted to coins issued
by the Confederate States of America.
CSA Currency Home Page A personal site devoted to currency
issued by the Confederate States of America.
Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco
Contains historical context of the Civil War as well as several images of currency. Also
covers several other eras of currency history.
Major Henrick's Money page The main page of a personal
site detailing the history of Civil War currency. Contains both Confederate and Union sections.
Museum of American Financial History This links to their Civil War history page. In-depth coverage of the period leading up
to the Civil War, as well monetary, political, and societal history during the war.
North Carolina's Civil War Currency The North Carolina
Collection Gallery, at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.